"Water, electricity, telephony, traffic, meteorology, geography, town planning: all have their oligopticon, a huge control panel in a closed control room. From there very little can be seen at any one time, but everything appears with great precision owing to a dual network of signs, coming and going, rising and descending, watching over Parisian life night and day. No single control panel or synoptic board brings all these flows together in a single place at any one time." [Invisible Paris, pdf]
Each control room monitors and directs a particular set of systems, and has some responsibility for the smooth, efficient and safe operation of these systems. Except in a fully automated plant, such as a nuclear power plant, the responsibility may be shared with skilled operators and supervisors in the field, such as inspectors and engineers, bus and train drivers, policemen, etc., who not only pass situation reports to the control room (thus acting as the eyes and ears of the control room), but also may have a fair amount of autonomy and initiative to solve local problems, perhaps supported by up-to-date information from the control room or elsewhere. So we may regard the control room as the hub of a larger distributed control system, involving operational people as well as the control room staff.
My interest here is in the collective intelligence of these control systems. As the operational environment becomes more complex and demanding, collective intelligence becomes more and more critical in ensuring smooth, efficient and safe operation. Collective intelligence depends not just on the individual capabilities of the people, but on how the work is organized and how well the various technologies (information systems, screens, dashboards, communication devices) are designed and integrated to support the work. (In other words, we're talking about sociotechnical intelligence - intelligent collaborations of people and technology.)
Organizational intelligence has six constituents, so there are six areas we need to consider.
- Information gathering - what signals and messages are fed into the control room, and are these sufficient to enable critical situations to be quickly recognized or even anticipated?
- Sense-making - how well are complex incidents interpreted, and the possible knock-on effects predicted?
- Decision-making - how well are resources allocated, problems prioritized and solved, operational policies suspended or adjusted?
- Memory - how well are past situations and problems referenced in solving today's problems and anticipating tomorrow's problems?
- Learning - how do we continually improve the performance of the operating environment, as well as improving the effectiveness of the control system?
- Communication - how well do we communicate internally (within the control room), outwards (to people in the field), sideways (to other control rooms) and upwards (to management or other governance bodies)?
A control room typically operates on at least three different tempi (speeds).
1. There is a real-time or near-real-time tempo, in which an event triggers an automatic or pre-programmed response, almost like a reflex. These responses are designed according to some pre-established operational model that allows the designer to reason about causes and effects, and should be monitored to make sure that these reflex mechanisms are working.
2. There will be a continuous stream of incidents requiring human intervention. The people in the control room will have to verify what exactly has happened, and then take appropriate action, based on their training and expertise, past experience, as well as practical common sense. The elapsed decision time may be measured in minutes or hours, and the situation as a whole may take days to clear.
3. Then there is a much longer-term learning cycle, where people are constantly looking for more effective ways of controlling the system and improving its performance. This might include analysing patterns of activity and identifying weak signals that would give early warning of possible future incidents, analysing system behaviour to check if the desired outcomes are being consistently met, exploring alternative ways of exercising control, experimenting with design improvements to the technical systems, and so on. The learning cycle may also include occasional crisis management exercises based around a simulated incident, to test the responses to a major emergency. In a rapidly evolving world, this kind of continuous improvement is a vital aspect of collective intelligence, to make sure that the control system maintains its ability to fulfil its responsibilities.
The relationship between 2. and 3. is an interesting one. Sometimes the people responsible for 3. don't actually sit in the control room, and may even report into a different part of the management hierarchy. But although we certainly cannot ignore the formal management structure, the real question here is about the effectiveness of feedback and learning, and in providing as many people as possible with the opportunity to contribute to the learning process, and therefore to the intelligence of the whole system.
Lots of interesting issues here then, both in terms of organizational change and technological change, with the possibility of producing large improvements at relatively small cost.
This is an extract from my eBook on Organizational Intelligence.
https://leanpub.com/orgintelligence/
